Causes of the boom years in the 1920s Essay Example for Free

Causes of the boom years in the 1920s Essay Causes of the boom years Employers were working fewer hours however were being paid more. This therefore meant industrial goods produced were also increasing. American’s had more time for leisure and more money so electrical labour-saving devices were being introduced becoming affordable by many people. Motor cars eased travel to and from work as well as for leisure pursuits. It was the golden age for cinema and sport attracted vast crowds. Reasons for prosperity: government policies Calvin Coolidge stated ‘the chief business of the American people is business. ’ This was his government policy to let business operate as far as possible, free of regulation. Andrew Mellon and him believed wealth filtered down naturally to all classes and to ensure increased living standards for all was to allow the rich to continue make money to invest in industrial development which therefore meant more job opportunities, more wage earners, more consumption etc. this policy was laissez-faire but the government intervened to support business in 4 ways: High tariffs: Fordney-McCumber Act 1922 à ¯ raised tariffs to cover difference between domestic and foreign production costs Cheaper to buy goods from USA than abroad Tariff level à ¯ foreign goods more expensive than USA even though produced cheaper in USA Foreign trade reduced = domestic demand for goods high Tax reductions: Government reduced federal taxes – 1924, 1926 and 1928 (benefited wealthy) Mellon à ¯ handed out tax reductions Coolidge à ¯ operated on surplus Aim à ¯ reduced national debt, federal tax cuts = meant little to poor as not able to pay taxes Fewer regulations: Federal Trade Commission à ¯ unable and unwilling to operate effectively causing businesses unhindered Foreign policies: Coolidge à ¯ avoided involvement in foreign affairs due to budget cutting an recognition that Americans didn’t want to see troops getting caught up in foreign disputes. This meant that investors would favour profit ever over ethical concerns Technical advances: Technical advances in industrial production made increases in quantity and variety of products Motor vehicle industry: This industry grew dramatically in the 1920s. It was the largest for commodities. Previously cars had only been for the wealthy but Ford wanted the ordinary to be able to afford one Effects of growth in car ownership: Ford thought this would strengthen traditional American values but it led to: Road deaths à ¯ 20,000 per year By 1929, motor industry employed 7% of all workers and paid them 9% of all wages Closure of Ford à ¯ factor to recession of 1927 Loss of business by companies providing components to Ford real problems in economy Road building: Breaking of laissez-faire à ¯ federal government expend on road building in 1920s Federal Highway Act 1921 à ¯ responsibility for road building to central government and highways. Construction = 10,000 miles per year by 1929 Chief Designer in Bureau of Public Roads 1936 à ¯ roads built unfit for use because of amount of traffic Motor vehicles à ¯ new service industries e.g. garages, petrol stations etc. Improved transportation = new opportunities for industry Electrical consumer goods: New technology = large scale development of labour saving devices as cheaper to produce Serious over production = problems in economy New business methods: Growth of huge corporations Large corporations manufacturing business = could invest in and exploit raw materials of USA on vast scale Large corporations could dominate industry by: Operating cartel (group of companies agreeing to fix output and prices to reduce competition and maximise profits). Although illegal, government accepted which involved exploitation of raw materials, retail outlets etc. Some organisations were able to adapt to holding companies which resulted in firms competing against each other Management science: Increased size of businesses à ¯ complex to manage = different management roles by different people in administration Growth of business schools Management science, occupation for upper class = indication harder to start own company Increased production Advertising and salesmanship: Cinema Millions of cinema-goers to copy lifestyle of stars meant potential for advertising was enormous Radio: Began with KDKA station which announced results in 1920 elections Radio’s controlled by 2 companies with a vast audience Constant need to create demand: Growth in industrial production needed a continuous market in order to fuel the boom as people needed to be convinced to buy things frequently. An aspect of a campaign needed to be bought in which would differentiate between one’s product and that of the competitors to promote unique selling point. Advertising techniques worked for many consumers. Easy credit: Massive consumer boom was financed largely by easy credit facilities 1929 à ¯ $7 billion goods were sold on credit – 75% of cars and half of major household appliances Availability of credit meant borrowers took on debts which they could not repay Influence in foreign countries: High tariffs were used to protect US markets however the government also encouraged businessmen to develop extensive interests abroad in terms of raw materials that fuelled technological developments. US exported vast amounts of manufactured products. In the 1920s with almost full employment, low inflation, high tariffs keeping foreign goods out of USA, benevolent government policies and a consumer boom the prosperity would go on forever.

Essay on African American Culture -- World Cultures Essays Papers

Essay on African American Culture Works Cited Missing African American culture is defined as the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and life ways carried by this group of people, which guides their decisions, thinking, and actions in patterned ways. The individual in society is bound by rules of their culture. Culture of people are different in that the same events that maybe fear- inducing in one culture, maybe anger-inducing in another culture (Leininger's, 1991). The theoretical framework that I used for this paper is Leininger's Sunrise Model. It describes the factors that have to be assessed in order to provide competent trans cultural care for a culture. These include educational factors, economic factors, political and legal factors, cultural values and life ways, kinship and social factors, religious and philosophical factors, technological factors, generic or folk systems within a cultural care worldview (Leininger's, 1991). There is tremendous diversity among African Americans. They live in all areas of the United States and come from all socioeconomic levels. Approximately ninety percent of African Americans have some Caucasian ancestry and at least twenty-five have Native American ancestry. They are more present time oriented group of people. However, there may be strong future oriented behaviors as well. These include saving for college education for children, purchasing insurance policies to cover funeral and burial cost, etc. Elders may place a great deal of values on past experiences, which are frequently shared with younger individuals. The dominant language among African American is English. Speech may be accompanied by animated non-verbal gestures such as a hand movemen... ...at prevented them to keep their appointments, make lifestyle changes, and take medications as prescribed. Positive influences were the support of close family members and also the presence of caring health care providers (Rose et al., 2000). The review of literature corresponds to the African Americans risk of getting hypertension. It showed that African American are at a higher risk for hypertension because many of them are unwilling to seek medical care and even when they do they do not take their medications as prescribed. Hypertension will continue to be a major cause of death all for Americans especially African Americans. Limitations in care for the under-served will continue to be a growing problem. Solutions must be made to provide the delivery of high quality, lower cost and especially effective primary care to the underserved populations.

The Purpose Of Measurements Health And Social Care Essay

In this practical, we are making hand-on measuring on length and comprehensiveness of the topic. By mensurating the length and comprehensiveness, it will enable us to gauge the organic structure frame and organic structure composing of the topic. For illustration, biepicondylar humerus ( elbow comprehensiveness ) is a good step of frame size and skeletal dimensions. It is less affected by adiposeness comparison to other anthropometric dimension and it is besides extremely associated with musculus size and thin organic structure mass. Beside that, length and breadth step can besides assist jocks to find the best organic structure composing for public presentation. For illustration, a swimmer may necessitate larger biacromial measuring to execute good in his athletics. Other than that, length and breadth step can besides utilize to supervise the growing and development of kid. The challenges we face in executing the measuring include trouble in landmarking. For illustration, as an inexperient pupil, we found trouble in placing the acromiale particularly in feeling the spinal column of the shoulder blade. Besides, we besides find trouble in mensurating the biepicondylar thighbone as we have difficulty in placing the sites of the epicondyles due to the midst hypodermic bed below the tegument. Furthermore, during the practical, while we use the anthropometer or calliper to use force per unit area to compact the overlying tissue in order to obtain a more accurate reading, the calliper will be given to skid off from the site of the landmark. This job particularly occur in mensurating biacromial and biepicondylar thighbone. The consequences of organic structure fat and musculus mass got from computations and utilizing bioelectrical electric resistance analysis ( BIA ) are different. By computation, the organic structure fat and musculus mass obtained are 21.1 % and 78.9 % severally. Whereas for BIA, the organic structure fat and musculus mass obtained are 25.6 % and 74.4 % severally by utilizing manus held machine and 28.9 % and 71.1 % severally by utilizing 4-point machine. There is difference of consequence for organic structure fat and musculus mass from computations and utilizing BIA. This is because consequence of organic structure fat and musculus mass from computation are utilizing skinfold thickness measuring. During the measuring of skinfold thickness, there may hold some intra-measurer mistake from site of landmarking and measuring, skinfold squeezability, variableness between readings and besides technique of utilizing the equipment. Whereas by utilizing BIA machine, less proficient mistake w ill happen as we merely identify in information such as age, gender, tallness and weight to acquire the per centum of organic structure fat. Therefore, computation of organic structure composing utilizing BIA machine have higher preciseness. The organic structure fat and musculus mass obtained are 25.55 % and 74.45 % severally by utilizing manus held machine and 28.95 % and 71.05 % severally by utilizing 4-point machine. There is a difference of consequence between manus held machine and 4-point machine as manus held machine merely has 2-point electrodes directing electric current to the organic structure while 4-point machine has 4-point electrodes directing electric current which is more accurate in gauging organic structure composing. Harmonizing to the Recommended Percent Body Fat Cut-off Points for Adult Individual ( 18 old ages and above ) , the per centum of organic structure fat obtained from both machine is still within the acceptable ( upper terminal ) . Skinfold measuring is easy to make one time accomplishment has been mastered. In general, combination of skinfold measuring provides a more valid appraisal of organic structure fat content and can bespeak the distribution of hypodermic fat. It does non necessitate much clip as consequence can be produced instantly. It is besides a noninvasive method for step organic structure fat and musculus mass. The equipment used for illustration harpender, slender usher and Lange are cheap and portable comparison to other machine for mensurating per centum organic structure fat such as double energy X ray and plethymography. The restriction may include big technician mistake from site of landmarking and measuring, skinfold squeezability and besides technique of utilizing the equipment. For illustration, some of the finger-thumb pinch or caliper arrangement during measurement may be excessively deep ( musculus ) or excessively superficial ( tegument ) . Another illustration is mid-arm point is fa lsely measured or marked. Besides, skinfold thickness may besides impact by factor other than sum of fat, for illustration exercising, hydrops, dermatitis which will increase the skin thickness and besides desiccation which will diminish the skinfold thickness. It may non besides be an ideal measuring for those who are corpulent and really thin. Bioelectrical electric resistance analysis ( BIA ) is non-invasive, particularly compared to the hydrostatic deliberation and skinfold calliper method. It besides give a good appraisal of organic structure fat per centum. It is besides speedy and easy to utilize in the field by merely key in information such as age, gender, tallness and weight to acquire the per centum of organic structure fat of the topic. The machine is besides low in cost and portable to convey to anyplace compare to other machine for mensurating per centum organic structure fat such as double energy X ray and plethymography. The restriction of BIA is that BIA is hydration-dependent. To guarantee accurate organic structure unstable consequences, the topic should non exert or execute any vigorous activity for at least 8 hours. Besides, the topic should non devour drinks such as caffeine or intoxicant in big measures 12 hours before the trial as these drinks are water pills. The status of the topic such as desiccati on, hydrops, fed or fast province will besides impact the consequence. For a particular status that patient has an automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator ( AICD ) , so BIA should non be done. Waist and hip perimeters can utilize to cipher waist to hip ratio ( waist perimeters divided by hip perimeters ) . The waist to hip ratio is a utile method to separate blubber between abdominal country and lower organic structure country. Lower organic structure fleshiness is frequently referred to as â€Å" gynoid fleshiness † as it is more typical to female while abdominal fleshiness is called â€Å" android fleshiness † which is more common among male. Whereas corpulent work forces and adult females can be classified into either group without refering about their sex. The hypodermic fat which is the external fat are mostly found in lower bole while the splanchnic fat which is the internal fat are chiefly found in abdominal country. Deposition of extra fat in the venters as a proportion of entire organic structure fat is strongly associated with increased hazard of developing certain metabolic upsets and obesity-related disease such as hyperinsulinemia, Type 2 diabete s mellitus, lipemia, high blood pressure, coronary bosom disease and others. This sort of fleshiness realted diseases are more likely to be associated with an abdominal fleshiness than a lower organic structure fleshiness. Apart from that, persons with higher waist and hip perimeter will be higher in entire organic structure fat mass. Therefore, beside BMI, waist and hip perimeter should besides be consider every bit good when determinining whether an person is healthy or non. This is because if an person has a normal BMI, but have waist perimeters or waist and hip ratio greater than the acceptable scope, the person is still holding hazard of developing obesity-related disease and metabolic upsets. The % of TEM calculated from skinfold measuring: triceps, subscapular, biceps, and suprailiac are 2.3 % , 3.6 % , 4.2 % , and 1.9 % severally. The values are still acceptable as compared to the mark TEM. Calculations of TEM are needed in skinfold measuring due to skinfolds are notoriously imprecise and both within and between tester mistake can be big. In this practical, due to single work, within tester mistake will be the chief concerned. Poor preciseness frequently reflects within tester mistake ensuing from unequal preparation, instrument mistake and trouble in doing the measuring.

What Does Substance Use And Abuse Essay - 1163 Words

In relation to life skills education, the following problems related to mental well and behavior of children can be resolved: (WHO) †¢ Extent of substance use and abuse †¢ HIV/AIDS prevalence; †¢ Pregnancy rates in adolescents †¢ teenage suicide rates; †¢ incidence of childhood psychiatric disorder and psychological problems; †¢ Extent of violence in the schools The first approach/initiative of the life skills approach to education was embedded in ‘Basic Education Program’ (1937-61) or the Wardha scheme of Education, enables learners to face life through training in school habits, socially useful behavior for the citizenship, dignity of manual labour and all round development of body, mind and spirit were some of the life skills identified under the scheme. Aim of life skills in education is at the elimination and negotiation of the gap between the content of education and the living experience of students. Education ideally must prepare the students to face the challenges of life. For this, it needs to be linked with the different life skills, by developing in them generic skills related to a wide variety of areas such as health and social needs (NCFSE,2000). Benefits of Teaching Life-Skills Imparting life skill education in children and adolescents will bring valuable benefits which include †¢ The teaching of life skills education promotes self esteem, peace education, self confidence etc (Show MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Treatment Center Of The World798 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to the foundation of the issue. Here in Florida there many substance abuse treatment facilities, in fact there are so many that Southern Florida is not considered the substance abuse treatment center of the world. This is the description of Southern Florida that was talked about in classrooms, at an undergraduate program at Indian River State College (IRSC) in Fort Pierce Florida. 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