Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essay Example

Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essay Covering with issues related to the development of adolescence is a challenge for even the most mainstream of immature people. For those immature misss who identify as sapphic, the state of affairs they are traveling to confront will be more complicated than they can of all time conceive of. As members of a stigmatized minority group, immature tribades are frequently marginalized and oppressed. The supportive systems available for their heterosexual equals are frequently unwelcoming to sexual minority young persons, go forthing them without critical resources necessary for healthy mental and physical development ( T. S. Davis et Al, 2010 ) . In order to obtain appropriate mental wellness services, certain demands and jobs should be applied peculiarly to immature tribades. Problems they will run into. Different from their heterosexual female equals, immature tribades life experience is exacerbated by the normal societal universe: they are excluded, bullied and pathologised merely because of their sapphic individualities ; every bit good as sing the external and internal oppressive effects. See immature tribades are passing most of their clip at schools, the troubles they experience are largely manifested in facet of equal relationships and school societal environments. Researches analyzing the battles faced by sexual minority young persons in school scenes include, a non-accepting school environment for sexual minority young persons ( Rutter and Leech, 2006 ) , dominate antigay beliefs with victimization ( Mayberry, 2006 ) , etc. More comprehensive survey on psychological experiences of sapphic striplings at school cited that they are at higher hazard for substance maltreatment, physical and sexual maltreatment, emotional isolation, school dropout, low self-esteem, bad or self- abusive activities, and sexually familial disease ( Black, J. , A ; Underwood, J. 1998 ) . Furthermore, homophobic experiences lead to hapless school public presentation and contribute significantly to mental wellness jobs, substance maltreatment, legal struggles and run-away behaviour ( Remafedi, 1987 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the facet of psychological development, adolescence is a clip of physiological revolution for the adolescent ( Erikson, 1968 ) . Searching for her ain personal individuality, a teenage miss is at her important developmental phase of individuality versus function confusion crisis. Essential elements that contribute to sweetening of the adolescent psychological wellbeing during this phase of development involve friendly relationships, societal experiences and important others. Hetrick and Martin ( 1987 ) stated from their survey that tantrum in with their equals and derive equal blessing frequently becomes an all-consuming undertaking. Positive societal interaction among pupils in the school environment normally leads healthy psychosocial development in striplings. Undeniable, sapphic striplings are confronting the same developmental undertakings and crises that all young persons face. However, their developmental procedures are immensely complicated by homophobic, oppressive, sch ool environments ( Deisher, 1989 ) . Many increased stressors suffered by sexual minority young persons are finally tied to psychological hurt ( D Augelli, Pilkington, A ; Hershberger, 2002 ; Elze, 2005 ) . A turning sum of researches emphrasize the pressing mental wellness demands in sexual minority population, particularly for adolescents ( Davis, T. , 2010 ; Swann, S. , 2004 ; May, B. , 2010, etc ) . Major grounds for seeking mental wellness service among immature tribades are depression, relationship issues, and emphasis, anxiousness every bit good as aid to cover with being homosexual ( Roberts. S, 2004 ) . Studies researching the grounds behind noted that the secrecy about being a sapphic, covering with sexual individuality, self-stigma, and being a member of a stigmatized group lead to anxiousness and depression. These grounds were peculiarly true for striplings ( Paroski, 1987 ) . Furthermore, Cochran ( 2001 ) found that, gay work forces and tribades are at a greater lif e-time hazard for major depression and self-destruction, particularly during adolescence. Although mental wellness issues as such, are normally shared by sexual minority people around the universe, there are other issues refering certain cultural contexts should non be ignored. Chinese Background There is a little but respectable size of literature about mental wellness of Asiatic tribades and gay work forces much less is about lives of Asiatic tribades. Harmonizing to these limited surveies, Chinese tribades are sing greater troubles, compared with their Western opposite numbers. ( Harada, 2001 ; Jones, 2007 ; Poon A ; Ho, 2008 ; Wong A ; Tang, 2004 ) . In Chinese societies, there are norms that are characterized by deeply deep-rooted cultural attitudes which against same-sex attractive force, particularly for females. Harmonizing to Confucian impressions, a girl is expected to obtain her individuality from relationships with work forces, executing familial functions, get marrieding to a adult male and giving birth to kids. As for tribades, it is non possible for them to follow the duties. They are traveling to populate wholly different manner of lives, and trim attempts toward self credence, ego development and ego fulfilling. However, the procedure is frequently painful. With those cultural constructs, immature tribades will meet multi- stressors, e.g. , internalized heterosexism, self-stigma, societal and psychological isolation, etc ( Pizza Ka-Yee Chow, 2010 ) . Among them, the manifestations of self-aware emotions ( e.g. , shame, guilt ) differ markedly between individualistic and collectivized civilizations, which farther indi cate the of import of analyzing issues of tribades in Chinese civilization background. ( Eid A ; Diener, 2001 ; Kitayama, Markus, A ; Matrumoto, 1995 ) . Shame experience, in comparing with Western civilizations, is more omnipresent within Chinese civilization. Furthermore, distinguished from individualists who recognize themselves to be alone and independent leftists tend to see their egos as interrelated and mutualist with each other ( Markus A ; Kitayama, 1991 ) . Collectivists are more likely influenced by people who are close to them instead than those are more distant in relationship. Hence, in Chinese societies, it is much harder for immature tribades to place themselves without sentiments of their important others, most notably, parents. This leads to another related experience among tribades societal and psychological isolation, which worsen their state of affairs during phase of adolescent psychological development. Many western researches analyzing issues related to mental wellness services and their clinical usage within immature tribades have been conducted in the past two decennaries, supplying valuable and impactful inspirations for service planning in the hereafter. Roberts. S, et Al ( 2004 ) explored issues related to mental wellness jobs and usage of services of tribades, followed the Boston Health Project II, emphrasizing that resources for sapphic striplings are of particular concern as they are a alone high hazard population. Feasible suggestions for service planning were discussed in this survey, a ) easy accessible mental wellness services in communities, B ) community bureaus such as infirmaries, clinics, churches, YMCAs and other young person groups for self-exploration, support and protagonism, etc, degree Celsius ) school-based mental wellness services. Another most recent survey conducted by Tamara. S. Davis and Susan Saltzburg ( 2010 ) was utilizing the theoretical account of construct function to measure community demands of sexual minority young persons for service planning. Types of supports, every bit good as dominant countries for service planning that most run into the demands of this mark population were successfully generated from conceptual function. Mental wellness related supports, such as supplying them resources and/or entree to mental wellness professionals through formal curative intercession or more informal professionally led support groups, were strongly recommended so that they have opportunities to confide and speak about the many emotions and beliefs that envelop their coming-out procedure. After old ages of protagonism, homosexualism was decriminalized in 1997 in Mainland China. In 2001, homosexualism was eliminated as a diagnostic class in The Criterion of Psychopathic Classification and Diagnosing issued in China. Laging far behind many Western states, nevertheless, the whole Chinese society has been striding frontward to contending for equal societal and legal rights. Among the Chinese communities, Taiwan is seen to be at the head of the development of Tongzhi ( Homosexuality in Chinese ) civilization, Mainland China is new to the motion, and Hong Kong is someplace mediate ( Perspex, 2006 ) . Refering certain historical background, the cultural prejudice against same-sex orientation is believed to be stronger in Mainland China than in the other two societies. In Mainland China, comparison to gay civilization, sapphic ( or Lala in the local linguistic communication ) civilization in mainland China attracts less public attending and still seems unseeable, although it is widely studied in the field of literature ( Yaya, C. , A ; Yiqing, C. 2006 ) . Under enormous external and internal emphasis from the mainstream society, Lalas are at a disadvantage to do a voice in public, allow entirely for those adolescent Lalas. As a consequence, there was one channel, through which they found it a perfect topographic point to be supported, understood and protected from their Tongzhi equals, that is the Internet. Respectable findings from a recent survey conducted by Yaya, C and Yiqing, C ( 2006 ) showed that, sapphic organisations were foremost formed as Internet Communities with the development of the Internet. The first sapphic meeting in populace was held in Beijing in 1997. Since so, more assisting services initiated by fervent sapphic militants have been built up for the sweetening of the wellbeing of Lalas in Mainland China, such as the Purple Phoenix Organization ( by Xiaoxian in 1997 ) , the Beijing Sisters Organization ( 1998 ) with its Telephone Hotline and The Sky Magazine, the Tongyu Group ( by Xiaoxian, 2005 ) and the Shanghai Lesbians ( 2005 ) , etc. Lalas in Mainland China have become progressively seeable, first in chat-rooms and bulletin boards on the Internet, later in some homosexual or assorted bars, and more late in societal assemblages organized by sapphic groups in many large metropoliss, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, etc, across the state, yet the internet continues to be the most popular meeting topographic point for Lalas in the state ( Kam. L, 2007 ) .There are many celebrated sapphic web sites with big rank, wheras, none of them has a great influence on the big society ( Yaya, C. , A ; Yiqing, C. 2006 ) . Lesbians in Mainland China experience great troubles in whether edifice organisations or running Internet Communities for missing of supports and understanding. As a consequence, many of them are confronting fiscal jobs so that they have to be aborted ( Xian, 2006 ) . Mental wellness demands for tribades Large sum of surveies showed that there s a high proportion of use of mental wellness services among tribades. They are high users of mental wellness services across decennaries ( 80 % in BLHP I vs. 84 % in BLHP II ) ( Sorensen A ; Roberts, 1997 ) . Records of comparative researches show lower rates of therapy use among heterosexual adult females than among tribades ( Cochran A ; Mays, 2000 ; Hughes et al. , 1997 ; Matthews et al. , 2002 ) . These findings give great support to the hypothesis that sapphic civilization promotes the usage of mental wellness professionals ( Morgan. K A ; Eliason. M, 1992 ) , and they are in great demand of accessible and feasible mental wellness services. Furthermore, tribades are more comfy with female, particularly sapphic mental wellness practicians ( Sorensen A ; Roberts, 1997 ) . It is likely that lesbians experience less fearful about unwraping their gender and being viewed every bit pathological as in curative relationship with a female and/o r sapphic. Particularly, refering stripling tribades, who are at their important phase in the development of self-identity ( Erikson, 1959 ) , they are in great demand for mental wellness services, peculiarly in community, school and household scenes ( Rutter and Leech, 2006 ) . In this period, immature tribades are to see tremendous force per unit area from equals, parents and the media to conform to the norm , they will frequently experience unsupported, entirely and burdened. Therefore, as mental wellness professionals, it is pressing to put up a community-based mental wellness service sensitive to the demands of immature tribades to back up them at the most vulnerable clip. Merely in this manner, can they avoid or cut down their troubles associated with many jobs. No affair in what form the sapphic communities are in current Mainland China, their mark service population is either Tongzhis ( both tribades and homosexuals ) , or Lalas or homosexuals individually. There is no more service proviso specifically concentrate on certain different age groups, e.g. stripling tribades, middle aged tribades, etc. It is likely due to the immature and short history of the development of sapphic civilization in China. Furthermore, all the sapphic communities were folk communities, they were organized and built up by sapphic militants who were by and large knowing immature adult females, largely university pupils, alumnuss, etc. Purposes of these organisations including, supply sapphic information and psychological science tutelage for the corresponding group, form treatment about Chinese tribades, strive for more public benefits, and some besides promulgate sapphic cognition on campus, etc. Nevertheless, none of these communities has professional background to truly supply dependable and important cognition, allow entirely mental wellness service to tribades who are truly in demand. They portion common disadvantages as deficiency of relevant experience, every bit good as sufficient and functioning organisation. Therefore, most communities are ephemeral and with small influence among sapphic population, allow entirely the full populace. Target population: immature tribades, chiefly high school pupils, aged from 15- 18 old ages old, who are confused about their ain sexual orientation or holding troubles in developing sexual individuality. Organization composing: Renowned, important and professional Chinese sexologists, sociologists and psychologists, Professional and experienced psychological counsellors and registered societal workers work for adolescence, Lesbian militants and authors, High school instructors from chief metropoliss in Mainland China ( in which Tongzhi civilization is vivacious for tribades and homosexuals, such as Shanghai, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Beijing, etc. ) , Who, Are active in naming for greater apprehension, tolerance for nonconventional sexual attitudes and determinations in China Care about the sweetening of psychological wellbeing of immature tribades in Mainland China Mission: Promote tolerance and apprehension of sexual diverseness in school scenes Bring together the positions of mental wellness practicians, research workers and militants refering to issues of psychological development of stripling tribades. Offer important and dependable information, cognition sing sapphic psychological science Provide professional mental wellness services for immature tribades Enhance psychological wellbeing of immature tribades Influence and promote other bureaus, and parents, to develop their cognition and supply appropriate support to immature tribades. Main responsibilities Conduct probe among general adolescence population and research into the current state of affairs and psychological demands of immature tribades. The intent is to construct up a valuable information base of immature tribades in Mainland China for future mention and surveies. Give preparations to mental wellness professionals. high school instructors included, about issues of gender and sexual orientation. Specific focal point on cognition of the spectrum of human gender and sexual orientation, and on attitudes towards people who are non heterosexual is extremely valued. ( King. M A ; Bartlett. A, 1999 ; MacEwan. I, 1994 ) . High school instructor who are actively in fall ining the organisation will be regarded as the most direct and efficient advocate in supplying mental wellness service in school scenes. Display public service advertisement postings and booklets in topographic points that are available in chosen metropoliss. Set up a web site. Aimed at turn toing the importance of mental wellness of immature tribades every bit good as increasing promotion of the organisation. Arduous as can be imagined, this attempt can merely be made with indorsement and support from the authorities. We assume that those celebrated and important members in the organisation will do it easier to implementing this program. Supply correspondence or e-mail guidance, telephone guidance for immature tribades. Refering immature tribades will do contact by either missive, electronic mail or telephone in response to reading about the Organization on postings, booklets or web site, mental wellness practicians in the Organization are to offer service to those respondents. Help immature tribades to derive peer support. Though the web site, the Organization can ease immature tribades to do contact and correspond with each other to derive more understanding and support and portion their experiences. All publications built by Organization are non sole for heterosexual stripling. This population can besides read and larn more about the positive and comprehensive cognition of sexual orientation and individuality. Upon understanding, immature tribades are more likely to derive the support from their heterosexual striplings which is deemed to be more of import than the support from their sapphic equals ( Slater, 1998 ) . Restrictions

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History of Furniture Design

History of Furniture Design How did furniture develop through the centuries? Furniture (probably from the French fournir — to provide) is the mass noun for the movable objects (mobile in Latin languages) intended to support various human activities such as seating and sleeping in beds, to hold objects at a convenient height for work using horizontal surfaces above the ground, or to store things. The question above is not an easy one to answer. Going through the ages of the past it can easily be seen that people invented loads of different types and shapes of furniture. To try to answer this question we would have to go all the way back to the medieval times. This period in time would have to be the starting point in this matter and the Fourteenth-Centurys Great Hall would have to be our point A. Moving forward in the pursuit of evolution of the furniture we would come across the Fifteenth-Centurys Solar (room) and following that road the typical Tudor Interior from the Sixteenth-Century in which the Elizabethan trend was the strongest one to point out. Another development going forward was presented in the Seventeenth-Century in the age of Stuarts quickly followed up by the Georgian Times with its changes in the furniture art and craft. Late Eighteen-Century was known as the golden age for furniture also names as â€Å"age of mahogany†. Moving forward into the Victori an times and drastic increase in furniture demand and finally put an end to the journey through the development of furniture and settle in the Twentieth-Century and its long history. The pursuit of the answer to the above question will not be straight forward and it will involve getting into details of different fashion and behaviour of people who lived in the periods presented above. The time frames would have to be examined carefully and the conclusion have to be made after comparing and reviewing examples from each period of time. The plan would be to keep the research chronically and go over the terms of years in historical order. That is the best possible way to point out the differences and potential development of the furniture along the ages. The fact that people are the creators of the furniture supports the positive answer to the question as all human beings are unique and persons mind is infinite. Therefore the furniture build by the hand of men can and will vary among the time. MEDIEVAL: The quest through the ages in the aim of furniture development will start in the medieval time. Furniture in that period was created purely to help people with day to day tasks table was used only to eat or draw on it. It was not designed to be a piece of art, it was more of a tool. There was a very little furniture in a medieval home and the piece were all of basic, utilitarian design. One of the most valued items was the wooden bed on which lay the feather mattress, supported on boards or rope mesh. After the bed the chest was the most important article of furniture, the craftsmen were outrunning themselves in the decorative piercing of them. There were also cupboards for storage of food and plate. Benches and long oak solid and trestle tables were popular as well in that time, the families were big and the longer the table the more people could eat at the same time. Practicality was the main purpose of the medieval age furniture. Great Hall was the main room where peopl e used to dine and festive together. Most furniture was made of oak, boarded for the most part and decorated by carving and painting. Medieval Trestle table Medieval Chest ELIZABETHAN / JACOBEAN: The introduction of joined furniture towards the end of the Fifteenth-Century made possible stronger and lighter articles. In the time of the Tudor dynasty furniture was slowly becoming more varied in design and greater in quantity. Oak was still the wood most in use and decoration was by carving and inlay. In the first half of the Sixteenth-Century linenfold panelling was extensively carved to decorate panels for chests and cupboards. The reign of Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 24 March 1603) is a good starting point for the study of furniture. Elizabethan furniture is characterised by the bulbous leg, carved with acanthus leaf decoration (seen in beds, tables, court cupboards and buffets). The four-poster bed made its appearance in this century. The framework of tester, posts and headboard was richly carved over the entire surface. Through still not common, chairs were more numerous than in the previous times. Elizabethan bedroom Elizabethan table STUART: Furniture, as elsewhere in the house had become more adequate and convenient. Additionally to the kitchen table there was always a settle, a dresser, and chairs. In the second half of the Seventeenth-Century the carving of woodwork reached exceptionally high standard of craftsmanship. Classical ornaments were used in carving. Most common ones were egg and dart, bead and reel and acanthus foliage. After the Restoration of the Monarchy (1660) furniture become more decorative but at the same time they were more useful at home. Charles II after his return to England from France brought different methods of making the furniture. Also, use of the other types of wood and the meaning of ornamentation strongly evolved at that time. Craftsmen from France were permanently moving to England and they were improving and implementing their way of creating the furniture to the local ones. The period between 1660 and 1750s was known in the history as the â€Å"age of walnut†. This wood was generally used purely due to the low cost and the colour of it. The construction of the furniture became more delicate and the design of it varied. Legs were turned in bobbin vase or columnar form or as the quality of lathe design improved, in the spiral twist. The day bed appeared along with the usage of more chairs and settees. Solid dining tables were pushed out by the gate-leg design, card and small side tables. Upholstery was in common use for seating furniture, it was covered with turkeywork, velvet or embroidery and edged with fringe and tassels. The appearance of new decorative techniques (veneering, japanning, gesso, marquetry) raised the art of furniture to the next level. Stuart chair Gate-leg table GEORGIAN: The form of classicism followed by architects during this long period changed markedly. Palladianism appeared and developed in the early years of this period (1714 1760). Typical English style restrained and almost austere on the exterior, correct in its classical design and detail, richer, warmer and bold within. The country houses of this type were set in carefully selected exteriors, ideal positioned in laid out parklands. The Eighteenth-Century was the golden age of the English house. The quality of design and craftsmanship in architecture and the decorative arts had been steadily improving since Elizabethan times and this reached its zenith in the years 1760 1790. There was a trend in furnishing design to follow a rapidly changing variety of different source material. The standard of workmanship suffered due to mass production of decorative parts based on the cost and time saving background. In total, the time and patience required to train a craftsman and the money to pay him to produce a superb piece of furniture were running out and the decay of taste was imminent. The general quality of the furniture was dropping down rapidly. Due to quick increase of population classy and stylish furniture were pushed out by simpler quicker to made designs, more efficient and less effective mass products. The golden age was also called the mahogany age in the furniture history. Although walnut was continued in use until mid-century, other woods were also employed. After the abolition in 1721 of the import duties of West Indian timers, mahogany began to enter the country in numbers. It was a perfect wood for a furniture making industry. Strong, suitable for delicate carving (ribband or lyre back chairs and cabriole legs terminating in claw and ball feet), also available in greater widths than walnut what made it ideal for veneered surfaces of larger area and for table tops. It had a beautiful patina and resistance to woodworm. In this period many new designs appeared at a glance, such as tables, chair, stools, settees, bureaux. China and corner cabinets were also popular, along with dumb waiters, mirrors, candle stands desks and commodes. The designs of the first half of the century were larger scale, nicely carved in classic manner and superbly veneered surfaces. 1750s was the time of the Rococo motif in furnishing, followed by Chinese and Gothic forms. 1760s was a more delicate period characteristic with carved mahogany but also painted and gilded beech, harewood and satinwood veneers, ormolu mounts and marquetry and brass inlay. In this period more delicate furniture pushed out the heavier designs from previous years i.e. the cabriole leg was pushed out by the tapering square leg. New items started appearing in the 70s and 80s of Eighteen-Century and Pembroke table was one of the examples. At the end of the century came the Sheraton era, displaying simultaneously strength, function and delicacy in the furnishing designs. Decoration was restrained in painting, inlay and veneer, often with metal inlay and mounting. The design was plain and mostly copied from antique originals Greece. The sofa table evolved from the Pembroke form. Chairs were characterized with by horizontal backs rather than vertical splats, and legs which often curved in sabre design (Egyptian or Etruscan samples). Typical of mirror design was the circular convex type. The long dining table was revived, standing on curved legs and pillared supports. 1740 1750s room 1760s room (Adams Room) Pembroke table Lattice-back chair Rococo set Regency furniture (late 18th cent.) VICTORIAN: Nineteenth-Century period. The interiors of Victorian houses were in marked contrast to the previous century. One of the major reasons for this was the urbanization process and the migration of people from country to the cities. Also, the major growth of population forced the change in the design of the houses and its interiors. Mass-production methods of supplying the needs led to a greater similarity in their designs, which overall resulted in a poorer level of design and workmanship. The early part of this period saw machines beginning to replace hand labour, the beginning of the industrial age.This period created a large gap between the designer and the craftsmen. The factories had changed, the designers no longer had direct contact with the customer. The new machines were introduced to take away from man the back braking jobs and speed up manufacture. They soon began to take over most of the work and the furniture started to be designed around what the machine could m ake, therefore the quality of design declined. The demand for furniture was high, the factories were manufacturing at a fast pace, and a frantic rush for the designers to keep ahead of each other created poor quality design. Interior decorative schemes were in great contrast to the Regency ones. White or light painted wood work had been replaced by dark brown tones. Furnishing fabrics were all darker and richer in hue and most often strongly patterned. There was a strong tendency to drape materials over everything, tasselled velvet covers to tables and chimneypieces, antimacassars on the chair and sofa backs. Upholstery was heavy, button designs were very fashionable. The whole interior was over furnished and over decorated, a profusion of stuffed birds, framed photographs, lace mats and wax fruit. Designers rather used and modified many styles taken from various time periods in history like Gothic, Tudor, Elizabethan, English Rococo, Neoclassical and others. The clean Grecian lines of the Regency period were out of favour by 1835 and everyone wanted furniture that was showier with plenty of curves. This showier furniture after 1850 led to low prices and poor construction and workmanship that was often h idden by veneer and applied ornament. The Gothic and Rococo revival style were the most common styles to be seen in furniture during this time in history. In the last 20 years of the century colours became lighter again, patterns less vivid, and fewer pieces of furniture were placed in a room. Mass production was still at its height therefore the quality and individualism of the furniture started to extinct. Because of the technical progress in the industry the interior became more casual and was supposed to be functional more than elegant. Furniture was less attractive, it was heavier in design and often over elaborately decorated. In the late century the whole 18th century and the earlier style designs were copied and reproduced for a mass market. It was very hard to establish which the differences between the originals and the reproductions. One of the characteristic Victorian features was the extensive use of the papier mache and to a lesser degree, Tunbridge ware. The balloon back chair and the introduction of brass and iron in the construction of the bedsteads were crucial in the Victorian furniture history. Rocking chairs were v ery popular along with tent beds. Plainer, more traditional furniture was made by a number of designers at the end of the century. William Morris started a rebellion against this trend, founding a company to demonstrate the superiority of quality handmade furniture. Honesty of the handmade joints was his feature of construction. This lead to the Arts and Crafts Movement on the 1880s leading on to Art Nouveau. This drew attention to the merits of 18th Century furniture and led to the practice of purchasing second hand furniture and the antique shop began. Victorian chairs Victorian hall Victorian rocking chair Balloon back chair Tunbridge ware box Papier mache table THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY: Throughout history there has been great change in furniture design, but by far the most rapid and revolutionary period of furniture history was the 20th Century. The two world wars of this century were not themselves responsible for the changes in society. The wars did however act as catalysts speeding up the processes of change. They have created specific barriers before and after the years of struggle with no chance of returning back to the previous existence. All of the above has changed peoples attitude towards change drastically. After each war the position of women and their functionality had altered fundamentally. Middle and upper class housewives found themselves without sufficient labour to run their homes as before needed to arrange labour save equipment and finishes without outer help. Interiors quickly became plain and far lesser furniture was used inside. The history of furniture design in the 20th century reflects the changing tastes and trends within the design community. The early years of 20th century design were dominated by the slow reaction from the mid-Victorian over furnished interior, were the excess of decoration taken place once again. International Arts and Crafts Movement which was quickly followed by Art Nouveau (circa 1910-1920) and Art Deco (circa 1920-1930) became more of a trend than periods in the early 20th century furnishing history. There was a great furniture demand to supply all new build houses after the wars. Machine production had to be established to cope with the needs, however this has greatly impacted the quality of the furniture. Some excellent modern designs were manufactured in Scandinavia and in the 30s were gradually influencing the English product for the better. This flat packed furniture revolutionised the market in the whole Western Europe. By mid century Modern and Post Modern styles accounted for the changing tastes of post-war consumers. Convenience and time-saving became more important to the whole family in the decades after 1945. After World War II, the public as a whole looked to warmer and softer furniture, organic forms, warmer products like timber and upholstered chairs. They wanted to be cared for by their furniture, feel comfortable and most of all have some luxury that had long been missing. Central heating replaced the heating of the individual rooms. These two factors, together with a rising standard of living and a desire for greater privacy for the individual members of the family led to general rearrangement and the new decor of the rooms. The recognition that with a central heating there was no need for a fireplace led to the fact that in most homes the TV receiver became now the focal centre. Smaller, more individual bedrooms appeared in the households. One of the most popular developments of that period was the usage of plastic textiles. In the field of plastic an extensive range of materials has become available to produce colourful, attractive, and easy to care surfaces at home. The plastic materials together with development of synthetic textile fibres, have revolutionised the decoration processes in the furniture industry. Plastics were like the tubular steel of old, it opened up doorways for new furniture design, lightweight and versatile, designers like Joe Colombo, Vernon Panton and Anna Castelli-Ferreri stormed ahead concepting and manufacturing plastic stacking chairs, beautiful and versatile. The industrial style or Hi Tech movement developed in the 70s. The greatest advances were in office furniture and equipment with Olivetti of Italy leading the way. The 80s period of furniture design continued to focus on the industrial sector. Designs were predominately commissioned for retail shopping, hospitals, restaurants, school s and hotels. The favoured materials were metal, perforated metal became popular along with steel reinforcing mesh. Designers of this period searched to find greater meaning and purpose for their furniture design. Some strange and unusual forms were explored like the W.W. Stool by Phillipe Starck a fantasy style piece of furniture that makes you question if you can indeed dare to sit on it! The Soft Heart chair by Ron Arad showed how by using polyurethane foam that the choice of shapes and form was limitless! Clever materials, technology and production methods meant that the only limits were the designers imagination. Going through the period of time and examining all different trends in the history of furniture few interesting conclusions appeared. Bibliography: 1. â€Å"English Interiors a pictorial guide and glossary†, Doreen Yarwood 1983 2. â€Å"The Encyclopedia of Furniture third edition†, Joseph Aronson 1965 3. â€Å"A Century Of Interior Design 1900 2000†, Stanley Abercrombie 2003 4. 20th Century furniture history http://www.slais.ubc.ca/courses/libr559f/04-05-st1/portfolios/G_Bahnemann/Furniture_Design.pdf 5. Victorian Furniture history http://www.interiordezine.com/index.cfm/Furniture_History/Victorian_Furniture

No-calorie Powder May Substitute For Foods Fat :: essays research papers

No-Calorie Powder May Substitute for Food's Fat George E. Inglett of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Biopolymer Research Unit in Peoria III invented a no-calorie fat substitute called Z-Trim. It is a mix of crushed fibers made from the hulls of grains. It can replace the fat and some of the carbohydrates in foods such as chocolates, brownies, cheese, and ground beef. He spent three years trying to perfect Z-Trim to be smooth because he made it out of tough hulls of corn, oats, and rice. He first crushed the hulls with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. He washed the peroxide off in centrifuge. After this step it was still too large, so he put the pieces back through the first step of the hydrogen peroxide and the centrifuge. That made it smooth. Now, it is a fine, white cellulose powder that can be made into a gel by adding water. Inglett also developed Oatrim. This is made up of a digestible fiber from oat flour that provides four calories per gram. Z-Trim compared to another fat substitute, olestra, is different. Olestra can cause gastrointestinal distress and take vitamins and carotenoids out of the body. The new substitute does not have those affects. Inglett says that you should eat more of the kind of fibers that make up Z-Trim to reduce the chances of getting intestinal disorders. But there are some people who argue with Inglett's theory on his new substitute. "I wouldn't expect Z-Trim to have the same kinds of problems as olestra," says Margo Wootan, a senior scientist at the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, D.C. "Fiber is already found in our diet, while olestra is a synthetic chemical. There is also concern for the "microbial stability" of foods containing Z-Trim. "Whenever you remove the lipid material and replace it with water," says Thomas H.

CRM lessons from Ikea

We restricted ourselves to two potential furniture suppliers: a UK-based company,Habitat, with what appears to be a fairly conventional business model, which provides fairly stylish, relatively expensive furniture, and ‘kea, a Swedish furniture retailer with a less conventional business model, with much less expensive furniture, perhaps less stylish. I thought that we would probably end up buying nearly all our furniture from Habitat, whereas actually Kea was our main supplier.Whilst buying this furniture, a number of interesting points about Kike's business model became apparent: o Most of Kike's products are delivered as â€Å"flat-pack† self-assembly kits. Habitat also supply goods in that format, primarily it seems, to ease shipment (and reduce associated costs). However, Kike's products had been designed not only to reduce shipment costs, but also to minimize production assembly costs. Clever design had been used to produce goods which can be assembled by the purcha ser with minimal skill (use of a screwdriver and spanner only), from parts manufactured by machine with little human effort in the production plant.The design also ensured a robust, stylish piece of furniture despite the limited skills of the assembler. Much of the work involved in manufacturing the piece of furniture had been moved from the factory, to the customer. The reduction in cost had also been passed onto the customer. For at least this customer, there was also a significant feeling of achievement in assembling the table or chair. The result – a high quality piece of furniture at low-cost, but with a lot more work for the customer, but tit a resulting sense of achievement. There are differences in the retail outlet model as well. Habitat provides a conventional Main Street retail outlet, with room to display the goods, and attentive sales staff to discuss the furniture. Kike's out-of- town, large-scale outlet had the space to attempt something different. The products were displayed in a number of room mock-ups so that pieces could be seen in relation to other products, with ‘design stations' to help the customer to build their own design. Kea staff were on hand, but not as sales assistants, more to advise on sign, check whether stock was available, etc.This approach helps with the interior design aspects of selecting furniture, again for this customer at least, a difficult aspect of buying furniture. O Distribution: It is here that the most obvious differences with a conventional retail store occur: – You have to pick the goods from the warehouse yourself deliver (though there is a 3rd-party delivery service at a cost). All this may appear to be poor customer service, but again, it takes out a lot of cost from the distribution process, and this is passed on to the customer. Customer Direct Transactions: If you think about it for a minute, because Kea wont take orders, it is key that customers can find out if Kea has a particular it em in stock. (You don't want to go to an out-of-town store, to be told that what you've come for isn't in stock and the store doesn't take orders. ) Kea have recognized this and so provide an automated phone service to allow you to check whether the item you want is in stock. That item is number 1 in the automated service menu – first plus mark.There are a large number of stores I use which I wish provided a similar service. Next, I'd like you to think what ATA you'd ask a customer for if you were designing a ‘check-in-stock' transaction. Well, it's obvious isn't it – you ask for the stock code. Well Kea don't think it's obvious to a customer and when you use their service you recognize that they're right. Instead, they ask you for a catalogue page number, and then the price of the item you're interested in. They then tell you the items on that page at that price and you confirm which one you want.A pretty weird transaction by IT standards, but customer-friendly. If you're a customer interested in stock levels, you're very likely to have the catalogue open. The page number is meaningful to you, is short and easy to enter on a phone keypad (all digits). The price is also meaningful, again short and easy to enter (all numeric). No company I've ever worked for has simple stock-codes. Someone has designed this transaction with the end-user (the customer) in mind. What, if anything has this to do with CRMIn my view, a lot: o Kea have chosen to change from a conventional business model to reduce prices significantly, by placing a lot of burden onto the customer. CRM is not necessarily about better customer service, but about giving the customer a better value reposition, or ‘increased value for money'. O Their change in business model leads to a need for a new transaction for the customer. That transaction is designed to be simple and fast for the customer to use. In Ken's words (nearly) in this week' newsletter – they've listened to their customers.

Sexual Practices of the Mangaia essays

Sexual Practices of the Mangaia essays Mangaia is an island in the South Pacific where sexual practices are much different than in the United States. In Mangaia girls are raised and encouraged and sleep with multiple partners. The usual expectation is for a girl to have 3 or 4 boyfriends from the time she is 13 until she is 20. Every woman is taught at a young age how to achieve an orgasm. Males on the other hand are taught at a young age how to bring a female to an orgasm through oral sex. At 13 when a boy has had his training and been told how to do things he is then given a sexual partner that is an older and experienced woman. This woman teaches the boy various sexual positions and techniques slow down the arrival of his orgasm until the woman is able to reach her orgasm first. This practice is very foreign to me. It does not really disgust me or anything like that but I could not imagine having someone sit down and explain how to do many of these things. When I was 13 I probably would have thought that it would be pretty cool to be given a girl and told to have sex with her. I think problems would arise however in deciding who the father of a child was if a girl with multiple partners had a baby. In the United States, most people would view this as unhealthy or unethical. Many people would claim this to be morally wrong. Pre-marital sex is seen by lots of people here as a disturbing practice. Encouraging your daughter to have sex and being proud of her for having multiple partners would be very uncommon in the US. Most Americans would see this practice as being gross or irresponsible on the parts of adults in the Mangaia society. ...

drugs and alcohol in college essays

drugs and alcohol in college essays Drugs and Alcohol are a major problem on college campuses all over the world. Many college students participate in drugs and alcohol on a weekly basis and even daily basis. What goes through their heads when they participate in these substances? Why do they choose to take part in substance abuse? Is it because they want to get away from reality or is it just because it is the thing to do? Could it have to do with the way a person is brought up? Students have high levels of stress and anxiety dealing with class work, daily struggles, and social stress. It maybe that a major cause in the consumption of alcohol and drugs is because of the major stress factors. But on the other hand it could be a result of psychological problems. In my personal opinion, there are a lot of different reasons for drug and alcohol use and it depends on the individuals situation. Alcohol and drug use is increasing among young adults in the US. With this more and more university students engage in drugs and alcohol. A survey was taken from random students from ten universities. The survey method was used. The questionnaire was based on alcohol, marijuana, and other drug consumption. They included questions on smoking, drinking alcohol, and use of other drugs. The hospital anxiety depression (had) scale was used to measure anxiety and depression. Its main finding was that many university students are drinking above sensible limits and taking marijuana and experimenting with other illegal drugs. The same trend has been observed among young people in the United States. The survey also found that their sample of university students also had high levels of anxiety, which did not relate to drinking or drug taking. When asked why they drank alcohol, the commonly reported reasons were pleasure, habit, to increase confidence, anxiety/stress, and social pleasu re. It shows that it really depends on the person for which the reason to drink was. Whe...

What can the government do to reduce the level of unemployment Essay

What can the government do to reduce the level of unemployment permanently - Essay Example This percentage was equivalent to 197 million individuals (International Labor Office, 2012). Economists propose various theories and approaches towards reduction of the level of unemployment in various countries. The Philips curve, non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU), natural rate of unemployment and general supply-side economics will be discussed in relation to a reduction of the unemployment rate. The concepts of supply-side economics developed and spread in the 1970s. These were a response to the Keynesian economic policy, particularly the failure of demand management in the stabilisation of the western economies during periods of stagflation at the time. The distinguishing factor of supply-side economics as a modern phenomenon is the argument on a favour of low tax rates for the working class (Wessels, 2006). Classical liberals at the time opposed taxes and government. Their claim was that every individual had a right to their own self and their property, and thus taxation was immoral (Wessels, 2006). Supply-side economists, on the other hand, argued that the collective benefit of jobs provided individuals an impetus for cuts in tax. In supply-side economics, macro-economists argue that economic growth can be achieved in a country by the government reducing the barriers of production and enabling people to produce and supply goods and services, and also invest in capital (W essels, 2006). According to supply-side economics concepts, consumers benefit from a high supply of goods and services at low prices (Atkinson, 2008). Furthermore, through investment and expansion of businesses, a country experiences an increase in the demand of employees (labour). Some of the typical policy recommendations for the concept are; less regulation, and low marginal tax rates to stimulate the production of goods and services (Atkinson, 2008). In supply-side economics, tax is viewed as a

Case study on Wilson Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study on Wilson Construction - Essay Example The best option for the company is trying to increase its revenue base in order to improve the situation. Just having two or three projects supporting such a large purchase is not feasible and hence the company should market more often to attract more customers. In case these are two exhaustive options, the company should clearly select the option b because it is yielding a lower negative number and hence if the company wants to save its position it should try to adopt the option b. Money rates of returns do not reflect the time value of money. All economies face the phenomenon that the purchasing power of money constantly falls with the passage of time. Hence, inflation is needed to be taken into account in order to arrive at the real rate of return or rate of returns that are adjusted against inflation. The discounting factor of 23 percent has been adjust by multiplying it by 104 in order to arrive at the inflation adjusted discount rate to give better idea regarding the position o f the company and how much it should earn in order to safeguard its position against falling value of a dollar due to inflation and alternative projects that are available to a company. This way the money return has been adjusted to real return and provides a better picture of how much return the company needs to earn on its projects to safeguard the value of its wealth in real terms and to make sure that it is not losing money. If a company does not pay heed to the time value of money it cannot tell whether it has made or lost money and hence it is considered one of the fundamental concepts of finance and needs to be taken into account every time the company needs to make an important decision. This will make sure that the company’s resources are being used for earning proper returns and not just money returns that are not adjusted against inflation. Given the scenario it can be said that there are several factors that should affect the viability of ALII. These include how m uch saving using a faster crane would be made. All the company’s processes would become more efficient and it would save some money, but the question does not speak about it and if all of this is taken into account, the project’s NPV would very well be positive. Other than that, there will be other factors like financing options, providing the financer with a collateral, impact of this purchase on the taxes for example, the company can use diminishing balance method and charge high depreciation rates to its balance sheet in order to get a saving in taxes. All of this should be taken into account and the company should also hire some good finance managers and should not rely on amateur finance people who do not know about the jack of the problem and their discussion is nothing but layman’s observation of the issue. Hence, the best thing for the company is to hire some specialist finance people who have better information than the current participants of the meeti ng who do not